Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is the most severe disorder that results from prenatal ethanol exposure (PNEE). FAS is a disorder characterized by facial dysmorphologies (such as midfacial hypoplasia, wide spaced eyes, and a smooth philtrum), growth retardation, and CNS dysfunction resulting in cognitive, motor, and behavioral problems (2). Since FAS was first defined in the 1970s (3, 4) researchers have become more aware that the damage caused by ethanol can vary due to the timing, frequency, and volume of ethanol consumed. In addition, genetics and the metabolism of the mother can also play a role (5), leading to significant variability in the severity and symptoms associated with PNEE. Understanding that variability in genetic make-up, and variability in the timing and dose of ethanol consumption, can impact how ethanol affects development has resulted in the umbrella term FASD being adopted to refer to any condition that results from PNEE. This term encompasses children who exhibit varying degrees of central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction including alcohol-related birth defects (ARBD) and alcohol-related neurological disorders (ARND) that result from PNEE. These conditions often lack
