Analyses were based on data collected from 208 control participants of Project Family, a seven-wave longitudinal prevention trial. Due to previously reported intervention effects on targeted young adult substance use outcomes (Spoth et al., 2009), including problem drinking, control-only analyses were conducted. Sixth-grade students enrolled in 11 rural schools located in the Midwestern United States were invited to participate with their families in the fall of 1993. About half (51%) of the invited families completed the Wave 1 assessment. The representativeness of the sample on family demographic and psychosocial characteristics has been confirmed through analyses of data from a prospective participation factor survey with a 90% participation rate; only parent educational attainment was significantly associated with participation (Spoth, Redmond, & Shin, 1997). Initially, the average age of children was 11.34 years. Fifty-two percent (n = 109) of target children were girls, and most of the participants were White (> 95%).
