Restraint and ethanol-treated data sets were used to evaluate the effect of these treatments on Per3. We used a linear nested-ANOVA model to evaluate the effect of Per3 genotype, sex and treatment (RSE, RSS, NOE, NOS and NON) on expression. The ANOVA model was analyzed using the R software (http://www.R-project.org). Differences were considered significant when P<0.05.