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Chunk #9 — Materials and methods — Gene–drug interaction analysis

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Genome-wide association study of problematic opioid prescription use in 132,113 23andMe research participants of European ancestry.
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We examined the 17 genes that were significantly associated with POU in the MAGMA gene-based analysis (10% FDR) for known interactions with prescription medications using the Drug Gene Interaction Database v3.0 (dgidb.genome.wustl.edu) [23]. We used the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification system to determine the second-level classification of each medication we identified. ATC classifications for medications were retrieved from the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomics (KEGG; https://www.genome.jp/kegg/drug/) and the World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Drug Statistics Methodology (https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/). We used the R package circlize v0.4.1 [24] to visualize the interactions between each gene and the ATC classifications of drugs it interacts with.