Six studies evaluated the association between stimulant medication treatment and nicotine dependence (Figure 4). The ORs ranged from 0.65 to 2.48, with 5 of the 6 studies having reported no significant association and 1 study35 reporting that treatment of ADHD with stimulant medication increased the risk of nicotine dependence. The overall random-effects model estimated that children who received stimulant medication were comparable to children who did not receive medication treatment in developing later nicotine dependence (OR, 1.34; 95% CI, 0.90−1.99; P =.15). No significant heterogeneity was observed (Q = 7.87, P =.16).
