Investigators have also extended the examination of the association between alcohol use and all-cause mortality. Historically, studies of all-cause mortality have replicated the J shaped curve evident with cardiovascular outcomes (Di Castelnuovo, Costanzo, Bagnardi et al. 2006; Klatsky and Udaltsova 2007; Costanzo, Di Castelnuovo, Donati et al. 2010; Ronksley, Brien, Turner et al. 2011; Xi, Veeranki, Zhao et al. 2017), but recent studies using updated methodologies and data have found no evidence for a protective effect of low-level drinking on all-cause mortality (Goulden 2016; Stockwell, Zhao, Panwar et al. 2016; GBD 2016 Alcohol Collaborators 2018; Wood, Kaptoge, Butterworth et al. 2018).
