We calculated descriptive statistics for the primary analytical sample using χ2 and Kruskal-Wallis tests, which were stratified by recent AUD claims. For our primary analysis, we used a case-control approach described by Allison et al24 that includes all observed days limited to 365 days before and after the index alcohol-related acute event already described. Thus, case days included the index event and any subsequent event, whereas control days included all other days within the observation window. An overview of repeated-event, case-control design is illustrated in the eFigure in the Supplement. Models to estimate the odds ratio (OR) describing the association between events and OUD medication exposure days were estimated using conditional logistic regression, with each person serving as the stratification (conditioning) variable. Medication days were coded as 1, and nonmedication days were coded as 0 (reference group). This approach is analogous to a stratified Cox-regression with recurrent events.24 As a recurrent-event approach, our analysis allowed for incorporation of time (days since index event) as a covariate, mitigating secular confounding that is often a concern with single-event, case-control studies.24,25,26 We controlled
