long allele was associated with more hazardous drinking in males among those exposed to high psychosocial adversity, as defined by early psychosocial stress and/or current life events (Laucht et al. 2009). In a study of Swedish adolescents, having two different alleles (i.e., being heterozygous) at the long/short polymorphism was associated with a higher intoxication frequency in the presence of neutral or bad family relations, which is biologically unlikely (Nilsson et al. 2005). Accordingly, the genetic model associated with the interaction has been inconsistent across studies, and the primary outcomes and measures of the experience of stress have varied considerably.
