Among all participants, exposure to parental violence was reported by 11.8% of the sample. Rates and frequency varied by race/ethnicity and gender (Table 3); overall rates and frequency of parental violence were greater for females and among American Indian males (22.3%), and lower among Asian Americans (6.4%). The frequency of exposure to parental violence was associated with AUD (OR 1.1, aOR: null). The magnitude of these associations differed significantly by race/ethnicity ( p <0.001; White OR: null, Black OR: null, Hispanic OR 1.1, American Indian OR 1.3, Asian OR: null), gender ( p: 0.016; males OR 1.0, females OR 1.1), and race/ethnicity by gender ( p < 0.001) (Fig. 3); statistically significant associations of parental violence and AUD were only observed among Hispanic (OR 1.2, aOR 1.1), Black (OR 1.1, aOR: null), and White (OR 1.1, aOR: null) females, and American Indian males (OR 1.8, aOR 1.9). The frequency of exposure to parental violence was not associated with CUD in the full sample (Table 2), and associations did not differ significantly by race/ethnicity ( p: 0.180), gender ( p: 0.819)
