American Indian males (OR 1.8, aOR 1.9). The frequency of exposure to parental violence was not associated with CUD in the full sample (Table 2), and associations did not differ significantly by race/ethnicity ( p: 0.180), gender ( p: 0.819) or race/ethnicity × gender ( p: 0.185). The association of parental violence and CUD was only present among Black males in unadjusted models (OR 1.2, aOR: null) and American Indian females (OR 1.4, aOR 1.3). The frequency of exposure to parental violence was associated with TUD (OR = 1.1, aOR 1.1). Associations did not differ significantly by race/ethnicity ( p: 0.274), gender ( p: 0.711) or race/ethnicity × gender ( p: 0.350).
