Findings from this study suggest that there are independent contributions of childhood physical and sexual abuse to AUD, CUD, and TUD, and of witnessing parental violence to AUD and TUD. Overall, associations of all childhood IPVs and SUDs were relatively similar across race/ethnicity and gender (ORs ranged from 1.1 to 1.9). However, interaction analyses indicated that there is modest heterogeneity in the associations of witnessing parental violence with AUD, such that this association is only observed among White, Black, and Hispanic females and American Indian males (and only among Hispanic females and American Indian males in adjusted models). In addition, gender moderates associations of physical abuse with AUD and TUD (increased risk among males), and of parental violence and AUD (increased risk among females). We note, however, that differences in all effect sizes are modest.
