have used a single factor to account for both NA and PA. However, a sizeable body of evidence suggests that PA and NA are indeed independent dimensions with distinct underlying neurological and psychological constructs, and an individual can concurrently experience, for example, heightened PA and NA (Cacioppo, Gardner, & Berntson, 1999; Cook et al., 2004; Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988; Watson & Tellegen, 1985). Thus, an EMA study examining both PA and NA as independent predictors may provide clarification on PA’s role in nicotine withdrawal and smoking behavior.
