Genotyping, imputation and quality control have been described previously (Johnson et al., 2023; Lai et al., 2021). Briefly, in order to limit the impact of population structure, genetic data were used to assign individuals into genetically similar groupings (National Academies of Sciences and Medicine, 2023) based on the first two principal components and the 1000 genomes reference panel (Phase 3, version 5) (Johnson et al., 2023). Families were classified as primarily European-like (EUR-like) or African-like (AFR-like) according to the genetic similarity of the greatest proportion of family members (Lai et al., 2021). Genotyping of individuals in the analytic sample was performed using the Illumina 2.5M array (Illumina, San Diego, CA, USA), the Illumina OmniExpress (Wang et al., 2013), or the Illumina 1M array, or the Affymetrix Smokescreen array (Baurley et al., 2016). SNPs with a genotyping rate <98%, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium violations (p<10−6), or with minor allele frequency (MAF) less than 3% were excluded from analyses. Data were imputed to 1000 genomes (Phase 3) using SHAPEIT (Delaneau et al., 2013) and IMPUTE2 (Das et al., 2016). Following imputation, dosage probabilities ≥
