violations (p<10−6), or with minor allele frequency (MAF) less than 3% were excluded from analyses. Data were imputed to 1000 genomes (Phase 3) using SHAPEIT (Delaneau et al., 2013) and IMPUTE2 (Das et al., 2016). Following imputation, dosage probabilities ≥ 0.90 were converted to hard calls. SNPs with an imputation information score < 0.30 or MAF < 0.03 were excluded from subsequent analysis.