The variants located within ADH cluster on Chr4 (32–35) were found to be significantly associated with alcohol dependence at genome-wide level (p<5×10−8) in at least one sample. Some associations with the ADH cluster were replicable across six independent GWAS samples including Koreans (34), other Asians (34), Germans (32, 33), European-Americans (33, 35, 36) and African-Americans (22, 36). The variants located within or between five other loci were found to be significantly associated with alcohol dependence at genome-wide level (p<5×10−8) in meta-analysis or in the pooled samples, and these associations were replicable across at least one sample (p<0.05). They were serine incorporator 2 gene (SERINC2) (10) and KIAA0040 on Chr1 (11, 22, 25), melanoregulin gene (MREG) and peroxisomal trans-2-enoyl-CoA reductase gene (PECR) on Chr2 (32, 33), and PBX/knotted 1 homeobox 2 gene (PKNOX2) on Chr11 (11, 22, 37). Additionally, the variants within or between five loci were found to be suggestively (5×10−8<p<10−5) associated with alcohol dependence in some samples, and nominally replicable in other samples (p<0.05). They were Nardilysin gene (NRD1) on Chr1 (11, 22), glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1-like gene (GPD1L) and
