Executive functions refer to a number of related but dissociable cognitive processes that enable one to plan, control, and monitor goal-directed and adaptive behaviors in response to novel or non-routine situations (Alvarez and Emory, 2006; Miyake et al., 2000). Specific component executive processes documented as impaired in chronic alcoholism using standard laboratory tasks, including attention, working memory, response inhibition, problem solving, deduction of rules, updating, cognitive flexibility and set shifting, and impulsivity [e.g., (Beatty et al., 1995; Beatty et al., 1993; Chanraud et al., 2007; Fama et al., 2004; Joyce and Robbins, 1991; Le Berre et al., 2012; Loeber et al., 2009; Moriyama et al., 2002; Nixon and Parsons, 1991; Noel et al., 2001; Oscar-Berman et al., 2009; Parsons, 1983; Pitel et al., 2007a; Ratti et al., 2002; Sullivan et al., 2002; Sullivan et al., 1993; Sullivan et al., 2000b; Sullivan et al., 1997; Tarter, 1973; Tarter and Parsons, 1971; Zinn et al., 2004)], each of which can potentially affect higher-order cognitive processes such as decision making and influence initiation and maintenance of sobriety.
