As indicated by the gender by AD interactions, after adjusting for the gender differences in sociodemographic characteristics and in the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in the general population, men with lifetime AD were less likely than women with lifetime AD to exhibit any Axis I disorder, any drug use disorder, drug abuse, nicotine dependence, any mood disorder, conduct disorder, and pathological gambling. For example, the interaction term indicated that whereas AD was associated with an almost 4-fold increase in the prevalence of drug abuse in men (from7.03 to 27.31%), it was associated with a 6-fold increase in women (from 3.65 to 22.41%; Fig. 1). The interaction term for nicotine dependence indicated that, although the prevalence of nicotine dependence was higher in men with AD than in those without AD (14.03 vs. 48.57%), the difference in prevalence was even larger among women (12.64 vs. 49.51%; Fig. 1). Similarly, although the prevalence of conduct disorder was slightly higher in men with AD than those without AD (1.47 vs. 1.59%), the difference in prevalence was even larger among women (0.58 vs. 1.47%; Fig.
