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Chunk #2 — Introduction

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Stress-response pathways are altered in the hippocampus of chronic alcoholics.
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cortex (Sokolov et al., 2003), nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental area (Flatscher-Bader et al., 2010; Flatscher-Bader et al., 2005), basolateral amygdala (Kryger & Wilce, 2010), and hippocampus (Zhou et al., 2011b). These studies have found down-regulation of myelin-related genes (Liu et al., 2006; Mayfield et al., 2002) and mitochondrial dysfunction (Liu et al., 2007; Sokolov et al., 2003), and dysregulation of genes involved in ubiquitination (Liu et al., 2006; Sokolov et al., 2003) and apoptosis and cell survival (Liu et al., 2004; Liu et al., 2007; Liu et al., 2006).