The promoter region of the PPM1D gene is GC-rich and contains binding motifs for numerous transcription factors, suggesting complex regulation during development and in modulating tissue-specific responses to stress. The transcription factors that have been experimentally validated, namely p53, CREB, NF-kappaB, ERalpha, c-jun, and E2F1, are important in the genotoxic and oncogenic stress responses, and the relative locations of their binding sites in the Wip1 promoter are shown in Figure 1. The regulation of the expression of Wip1 by these transcription factors is discussed in the sections below.
