the LBC cohorts (LBC1936 = 1042 and LBC1921 = 526 samples), individuals were checked for disagreement between genetic and reported gender (n = 12 in LBC1936 and n = 1 in LBC1921). Relatedness between subjects was investigated and, for any related pair of individuals, one was removed (n = 8, LBC1936; n = 1, LBC1921). Samples with a call rate ≤.95 (n = 16, LBC1936; n = 6, LBC1921), and those showing evidence of non-caucasian ascent, were also removed (n = 1, LBC1936; n = 2, LBC1921). SNPs were included in the analyses if they met the following conditions: call rate ≥.98, minor allele frequency ≥.01, and HWE test with P ≥.001. Thus after quality control procedures 1005 and 517 samples remained for the LBC1936 and LBC1921 cohorts respectively. In the HBCS, none of the participants showed non-European ancestry. Relatedness of the participants was examined with the pair-wise IBD estimates and closely related individuals were excluded from the analyses. Moreover, participants with X-chromosomal genotypes discrepant with the reported sex were removed (N = 8). After quality control procedures 1728 samples remained for the analyses. SNPs were included in the analyses if they met the following conditions: call rate ≥.95, minor
