Positive parenting was measured by maternal report in an interview of her discipline strategies in various hypothetical situations of child misbehavior (Concerns and Constraints Questionnaire; Pettit, Bates, & Dodge, 1997). Five child misbehavior vignettes were presented (e.g., aggression, name-calling, teasing others), and parents were asked how they could prevent their child from acting this way in the first place. Responses were coded on a 5-point scale (1=“do nothing, is unpreventable” to 5=“preventive, anticipatory, situation specific”). Internal consistency was .63.
