When the child was 5 years old, mothers rated their attitudes toward aggression (Culture Questionnaire; Dodge et al., 1994) on 15 items with a 7-point scale ranging from 1=“definitely disagree” to 7=“definitely agree.” Items included “If my child gets into a fight with another child, I won’t try to stop it because my child has to show that she/he can defend herself/himself,” and “I let my child watch adventure television shows that have killing and violence in them.” Five items were reverse-scored to reduce response bias. Internal consistency (α = .57) was low but acceptable for the present purpose.
