Both self-administered and experimenter-administered acute and chronic ethanol exposure typically result in an upregulation of the DYN/KOR system. Studies using in vivo microdialysis procedures have shown that acute systemic administration of ethanol produces dose-related increases in DYN-A1-8 levels in the nucleus accumbens (Marinelli et al., 2006), central nucleus of the amygdala (Lam et al., 2008), and ventral tegmental area (Jarjour et al., 2009). One day of intragastric binge-like ethanol exposure (4.5 g/kg total) was sufficient to elevate prodynorphin mRNA expression in both the amygdala and prefrontal cortex of adult Sprague-Dawley rats (D’Addario et al., 2013). Six days of intragastric ethanol exposure (4.3 g/kg/day) resulted in elevated DYN-A and DYN-B in the hippocampus of Wistar rats 3 or 7 days after the final exposure (Kuzmin et al., 2013). Acute injection (1 g/kg) or one month of voluntary ethanol consumption both resulted in elevated DYN mRNA and peptide levels in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus in rats (Chang et al., 2007). Elevated prodynorphin levels were reported in the nucleus accumbens of rats with a 1-month history of drinking ethanol (Przewlocka et
