To extend our understanding of the genetics of PAU—a phenotype comprising AUD and alcohol-related problems measured by the AUDIT–P—we collected data from newly genotyped individuals (most from the MVP17,18) and previously published data from multiple cohorts (MVP, FinnGen19 and UK Biobank (UKB)20, the only cohort that includes AUDIT–P data), the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC)8, iPSYCH21,22, the QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute (QIMR Berghofer) cohorts23–25, Yale–Penn 3 and East Asian (EAS) cohorts (a study of the genetics of methamphetamine dependence in Thailand (Thai METH), Han Chinese–Illumina Global Screening Array (GSA) and Han Chinese–Illumina Cyto12 array (Cyto))26) resulting in a total of 1,079,947 individuals (Table 1). Five ancestral groups were analyzed (Fig. 1a): EUR (N = 903,147), African (AFR, N = 122,571), Latin American (LA, N = 38,962), EAS (N = 13,551) and South Asian (SAS, N = 1,716). As in our previous study9, we utilized data on International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-diagnosed AUD (Ncase = 136,182 and Ncontrol = 692,594), DSM-IV AD (Ncase = 29,770 and Ncontrol = 70,282) and AUDIT–P (N = 151,119), together defined as PAU (based on high
