The two regions studied here came from animals in which gene expression in the DRN (McClintick et al., 2015) and PAG (McClintick et al., 2016) was previously examined. Eleven genes have significant (FDR< 0.05) expression changes in the same direction in all 4 sequenced regions (Table 6). Dgkb, diacylglycerol kinase beta, the only gene with decreased expression in all 4 regions, has been identified by GWAS as associated with alcoholism (Kendler et al., 2011). Ten of these 11 genes are increased in all four regions, and five were also enriched in the nucleus accumbens shell and the central nucleus of the amygdala of these animals (McBride, Kimpel, et al., 2014). Five of these genes, noted in Table 6, were also increased in the nucleus accumbens of binge drinking adult rats in a previous study by our group (Bell et al., 2009). A GeneMania (Warde-Farley et al., 2010) analysis of these 11 genes indicates that all 10 genes with positive fold changes are highly co-expressed. The two main regulators appear to be cAMP responsive element binding protein 1 (CREB1) and Tumor
