Naab, Shiffman, & Li, 2014). However, NA, withdrawal, and craving also appear to be dissociable, as they can display different temporal patterns within and across days (Chandra et al., 2011; Vasilenko et al., 2014) and their predictive relationship may vary depending on the context (e.g., abstinence vs. ad libitum smoking; Dunbar et al., 2010; Teneggi et al., 2002) and population being studied (e.g., high vs. low nicotine dependence, daily vs. non-daily smoker; Chandra et al., 2011; Dunbar et al., 2010; Shiffman et al., 2002, 2014). Therefore, using EMA to provide a more precise characterization of the relationship between withdrawal components across different populations of smokers and under different smoking conditions may refine our understanding of how these factors contribute to the maintenance of nicotine addiction.
