Current theories of the role of affect in addiction suggest that NA is predictive of craving and lapse/relapse during smoking abstinence, but that positive affect (PA) is predominantly related to craving and motivation to smoke during ad libitum smoking (Baker, Morse, & Sherman, 1987; Baker, Piper, McCarthy, Majeskie, & Fiore, 2004; Carmody, Vieten, & Astin, 2007). While the results of several studies provide support for this theorized role of NA (Piasecki, 2006; Shiffman, 2005; Shiffman, Paty, Gnys, Kassel, & Hickcox, 1996; Shiffman & Waters, 2004), the contribution of PA to ad libitum smoking behavior, as well as to craving, withdrawal, and relapse during abstinence is less well understood. A recent meta-analysis indicated that in the laboratory, only manipulations of NA, but not PA, were directly related to cigarette craving (Heckman et al., 2013). In the natural environment, support for PA contributing to ad libitum smoking behavior has been mixed, with some EMA studies reporting a positive association with cigarette craving and smoking (Dunbar et al., 2010; Shiffman et al., 2014; Shiffman & Paty, 2006) and others finding no relationship (Shiffman
