These findings should be considered in light of several caveats. First, the sample consists of offspring primarily from high-risk, densely AUD-affected families, and as such findings might not be generalizable to other populations. Second, although data across multiple waves of assessment were included in the analyses, some individuals who might have eventually developed AUD, CUD, or INT or EXT problems are treated in this study as unaffected. Third, effects of maternal AUD present in 45.3% of the analytic sample could reflect in part in utero exposure to alcohol (which is unknown for most offspring), which can affect neurodevelopment. Fourth, the present study did not have information on the frequency or duration of specific traumatic exposures. Fifth, given the relatively small number of participants meeting criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder in this sample, posttraumatic stress disorder was not incorporated into the present study. Sixth, attrition of the sample owing to participants who did not return for follow-up assessments could have affected the present study’s findings. A nonresponse analysis indicated that individuals who did not return for follow-up were younger (p <
