Both Uhl et al. (2014) and Musci et al. (2015b) utilized data from a randomized trial of an early elementary school-based preventive intervention, whose proximal (1st grade) and distal targets (adolescence) included aggressive/coercive behaviors and substance use, respectively (Ialongo et al., 1999). The link between aggressive/coercive behaviors in childhood and adolescent substance use has both an empirical (Elkins et al., 2007; Kellam et al., 2008; 2014) and theoretical basis (Patterson, Reid, & Dishion, 1992). Regarding the latter, Patterson and colleagues theorize that aggressive/coercive behaviors in childhood result in rejection by teachers, parents, and mainstream peers, which subsequently precipitates drift into a deviant peer group, where a wide range of antisocial behavior is encouraged and reinforced including drug use. Prompted by the finding that the Uhl and colleagues’ quit success score interacted with environmental risk/protective factors in predicting the course of adolescent tobacco and marijuana use (Musci et al., 2015b) based on the data drawn from the Ialongo et al. (1999) prevention intervention trial, Musci et al (2015c) tested whether the score would also moderate the impact of the intervention on
