Although measurement invariance held across the sexes, we tested if the mean factor scores differed by sex. As expected, males had significantly higher factor scores than females for Persistent Externalizing, F(1,2243) = 18.16, p < 0.001, Property Crime, F(1,2243) = 102.75, p < 0.001, Tobacco, F(1,2243) = 13.30, p < 0.001, Risky Sex, F(1,2243) = 6.09, p < 0.001, and IMP/SS Personality, F(1,2243) = 71.72, p < 0.001. There were no significant sex effects on the Alcohol, F(1,2243) = 3.24, p = 0.072, or Cannabis factors, F(1,2243) = 2.72, p = 0.099. Sex was included as a covariate in all subsequent genetic association analyses.
