Bacterial strains include Salmonella typhimurium (SL1344), Burkholderia thailandensis (E264), and Shigella flexneri (M90T). S. typhimurium was grown in LB broth (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA). B. thailandensis and S. flexneri were grown in tryptic soy broth (TSB; BD Biosciences). All strains were grown in 2 mL broth overnight from a frozen stock with aeration at 37°C. Bacteria were subcultured 1:1000 into broth (S. typhimurim and S. flexneri into Mgm-MES media42 and B. thailandensis into TSB) and 50% supernatant from control astrocytes or A1 (bad) astrocytes at serial dilutions from 0–100 μg/mL. At 16 hours of growth the OD600 was recorded.
