As in GBD 2015, we undertook a decomposition analysis of changes in DALYs over the time period into four main components, namely, changes in DALYs due to changes in: (1) population growth; (2) population age structure; (3) exposure to all risks for a disease; and (4) all other factors combined, approximated as the risk-deleted death and DALY rates. Risk-deleted rates refers to death and DALY rates that would be observed if we removed all risk factors included in GBD 2016, estimated as DALY rates multiplied by one minus the PAF for the set of risks. We used methods developed by Das Gupta,19 but as the methods presented there do not result in the decomposition results being linear aggregates over time or risk, we adapted these methods further in GBD 2016. Our decomposition analysis was undertaken for each 5 year time period, at the all-risk level, taking into account risk mediation at the most detailed cause level. The contribution of changes in exposure for the individual risks was scaled to the all-risk effect at the most detailed outcome level. The contribution
