the distinction between “abuse” and “dependence”. There are also two changes to the DSM-5 criteria for substance use disorder. “Recurrent legal problems” criterion for substance abuse has been deleted. And a new criterion has been added: craving or a strong desire or urge to use a substance”. Moreover, severity of the DSM-5 substance use disorders is based on the number of criteria endorsed. Finally, this was a cross-sectional survey. We cannot conclude that there is a causal relationship between MA- or heroin-dependence and other covariates, nor can we conclude anything about the direction of those relationships. Longitudinal studies are needed for this.
