The majority of studies on gene by childhood adversity effects on alcohol outcomes have investigated interactions with genes associated with stress response and serotonin regulation: The serotonin transporter linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) (Kaufman et al., 2007, Laucht et al., 2009), the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene (Ducci et al., 2008, Nilsson et al., 2007, Nilsson et al., 2008), and the corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) gene (Nelson et al., 2010). Far fewer studies have examined potential interactions with genes associated with vulnerability to addiction. Among them is a case–control study examining the influence of childhood trauma and variation in GABRA2 on alcohol, heroin, and cocaine dependence in African-American (AA) men, which found no evidence of a GxE effect on alcohol dependence (Enoch et al., 2010). The only known study to investigate child adversity as a modifier of the association of ADH1B variation with alcohol phenotypes was conducted by Meyers and colleagues (Meyers et al., 2013b) using a sample of primarily male (78.3%) Israeli Jews. They found GxE interactions on indicators of heavy consumption (maximum drinks consumed in a 24-hour period) and alcohol
