and symptoms including anorexia, loss of memory, and emotional changes (Thomson et al. 2008). An MRI image of acute WE (see figure 2) has symmetrical bright spots, or hyperintensities, clearly visible on T2-weighted images, and those created by fluid attenuation inversion recovery2 (FLAIR). The bright spots appear in the midbrain gray matter surrounding the cerebral aqueduct (i.e., periaqueductal gray matter), mammillary bodies, and tissue surrounding the third ventricle3 (Lenz et al. 2002; Sullivan and Pfefferbaum 2009). These findings agree with postmortem diagnosis of WE, often requiring evidence of lesions in the mammillary bodies and periventricular areas (e.g., Caine et al. 1997). In addition, observed MR hyperintense areas in WE include the thalamus, cerebellar vermis (Murata et al. 2001), dorsal medulla, tectal plates (Ha et al. 2012), olivary bodies, and dorsal pons (Liou et al. 2012). MRI analysis of KS patients compared with unaffected research participants (i.e., nonalcoholic control subjects) revealed substantial volume shrinkage of the mammillary bodies in KS and a lesser but significant volume deficit in uncomplicated alcoholics (Sheedy et al. 1999; Sullivan et al. 1999b; but see Shear et al. 1996; Victor et al. 1989). In contrast with early MR studies suggesting that KS affects the mammillary bodies
