although it did compared to total PS computed with weights from BBJ. In either cases, however, we maintain that aspPS and casPS are preferable measures than the simple PS, despite their comparable predictive performance, due to the fact that their features are all based on the correct pairing of SNP-trait associations and local ancestry. In conclusion pPS, aspPS and casPS are good predictors of both the PS and of the underlying phenotypes and provide a crucial step toward the extension of personalized and predictive healthcare to individuals of admixed ancestry, where at least part of the background is still of European origin or from a population with a solid GWAS groundwork. Future directions will include the extension of the method to individuals where European ancestry does not constitute a considerable genomic portion. To this extent, a better understanding of other ancestry-specific genetic effect sizes is needed. Such knowledge will provide the final step to the refinement of a tool, which under an additive model, can incorporate all aspPS to produce combined ancestry specific Polygenic Scores (casPS).
