Ethnicity self-definitions for the MVP samples include AFR, EUR, Asian, American Indian or Alaska native, native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, and “other.” The MVP admixture analysis results from the first data release provided the probability for each sample to be “GBR (British in England and Scotland), PEL (Peruvians from Lima, Peru), YRI (Yoruba in Ibadan, Nigeria), CHB (Han Chinese in Beijing), and LWK (Luhya in Webuye, Kenya)”. A kinship coefficient cutoff of ≥0.0884 was used to remove 10,662 related individuals. We selected 26,497 SNPs through linkage disequilibrium (LD) clumping using PLINK35, and then applied flashpca36 to 343,286 MVP samples and 2,504 1000 Genomes samples37. The annotated population groups (EUR, EAS, AFR, AMR, or SAS) in the 1000 Genomes samples, in addition to the admixture analysis results with a probability cut-off of 0.9, were used to define the final EUR (n=245,123) and AFR (n=62,034) populations (from which study subjects were drawn based on availability of phenotype information). Specifically, the subjects with a probability cut off of 0.9 relative to the genetic component observed in YRI (Yoruba in Ibadan, Nigeria; West
