Individual items used as indicators of youth constructs are listed in Table 2. Table 4 shows tests of model fit, race differences, and unstandardized path coefficients based on invariant models with one exception. As expected, prosocial rewards and problem-solving skills were associated with less drug initiation, antisocial beliefs, and problem behaviors. Also as expected, psychological costs and antisocial rewards were significantly associated with more drug initiation (see race difference noted below) and problem behaviors. Furthermore, antisocial rewards were associated with more antisocial beliefs. None of the observed parenting constructs were significantly associated with drug expectancies.
