subsequent positive deflection that reaches its maximum near the same time at which the P300 response reaches its peak (i.e., around 375 ms). In contrast, the delta activity component corresponding to the P300 consists of a unidirectional slow-wave that contributes positive amplitude to the time domain signal in both the FRN and P300 windows. Because activity at different frequencies within a common temporal window contributes additively to the aggregate TD signal, this differing polarity produces salient distorting effects on time domain FRN and P300 measures derived from the unfiltered, aggregate ERP signal. Within the FRN window (203–328 ms; in which the polarity of the theta oscillation is predominantly negative), increased theta activity for Loss trials translates into enhanced negative TD signal amplitude whereas increased delta activity for Gain trials translates into enhanced positive signal amplitude, yielding an exaggerated net Gain-Loss difference (t[148] = 18.02) in comparison with either TF component measure alone (ts[148] = −11.76 and 9.28 for theta and delta, respectively). On the other hand, within the P300 window (250–602 ms; in which the polarity of theta is predominantly positive), theta increases for Loss and delta increases for Gain both translate into increased positive TD signal amplitude, yielding a
