Hazard ratios for each stage of alcohol involvement and the transition to dependence are presented in Table 2 for all race/ethnicity and sex subgroups with Whites as the referent group. As shown in Table 2, Whites had a significantly higher hazard for all outcomes compared to Blacks and Hispanics of the same sex (drinking initiation, age of onset of dependence and time from initiation to dependence: all p-values ≤0.001). This finding persisted after adjusting for age and family history, as well as adjusting for age at initiation of drinking and typical daily consumption during heaviest drinking period for both onset of dependence and time from initiation to dependence (all p-values < 0.019).
