Impairments in visual-spatial perception may account for some of the spatial memory deficits described above (e.g., Kaemingk & Halverson, 2000; Uecker & Nadel, 1996), as group differences on measures of spatial location are reduced once visual perception performance is statistically controlled (Kaemingk & Halverson, 2000). These results imply that visual-spatial perception deficits in children with FASD may influence spatial memory, but do not completely account for those impairments.
