Many studies of FASD suggest an association between alcohol exposure and poor motor performance. The earliest reports by Jones and Smith (Jones & Smith, 1973) described poor hand/eye coordination, weak grasp, tremors, and balance and gait difficulties. More recent studies have found that children prenatally exposed to heavy levels of alcohol exhibit impairment of both fine and gross motor skills. Young children with FAS show clinically important developmental delays in fine but not gross motor skills (Kalberg et al., 2006). Other findings of motor impairment in this clinical population include postural instability (Roebuck, Simmons, Richardson, Mattson, & Riley, 1998), atypical gait (Marcus, 1987), delayed motor reaction timing (Green, Mihic, Nikkel, et al., 2009; Simmons, Thomas, Levy, & Riley, 2010; Simmons, Wass, Thomas, & Riley, 2002; Wass, Simmons, Thomas, & Riley, 2002), impaired fine-motor speed and coordination (Chiodo, et al., 2009; Jirikowic, Carmichael Olson, et al., 2008; Mattson, et al., 1998), increased motor timing variability (Simmons, Levy, Riley, Madra, & Mattson, 2009), poor hand/eye coordination (Adnams et al., 2001), poor bimanual coordination (Roebuck-Spencer, Mattson, Marion, Brown, & Riley, 2004), dysfunctional force
