achieved a stringent genome-wide significance level and for those that could be replicated only moderate effects (odds ratio of ∼1.2) were observable. Thus, our observation for early-onset (extreme) obesity underlines the recent finding that common CNVs are unlikely candidates to explain larger parts of the ‘missing heritability’ (26). Finally, it has to be underlined that the focus on CNVRs is accompanied by (a) the difficulty to define the CNV markers that make up a CNV and (b) the difficulty to assess when and if association signals in different samples pertain to the same source. Here both problems have been dealt with by providing upper limits of correlations among associated CNVs of independent samples and by omitting combined P-values across samples.
