The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5 (DSM-5) defines substance use disorder (SUD) as a constellation of behaviors involved in compulsive drug seeking including impaired control of substance use, impaired social interactions with others because of substance use, risky drug use (e.g., substance use in hazardous settings), and pharmacological changes (e.g., experiencing withdrawal symptoms). Further, the DSM-5 defines addiction as the most severe, chronic stage of the SUD diagnosis, which is characterized by subsantial loss of self-control, manifesting in compulsive drug-seeking behavior despite the desire to discontinue use (American Psychiatric Association, 2013; Volkow, Koob, & McLellan, 2016). SUD and addiction remain a significant global public health concern, resulting in substantial socioeconomic burden (Collins et al., 2006; Heslin, Elixhauser, & Steiner, 2015; Whiteford, Ferrari, Degenhardt, Feigin, & Vos, 2015). Globally, 52.3 million cases of alcohol and drug dependence/problem use were reported in 2004 (World Health Organization, 2008). In 2010, this number increased to 147.5 million cases (Whiteford, et al., 2015), and SUD is expected to become more prevelant over time.
