For this study, we included only Black (n = 556) and White (n = 415) youth. We limited the analyses to only those youth for whom the first referral occurred before age 12, and thus 17 boys who were maltreated after age 11 were eliminated from the analysis (note 2). We also eliminated 84 boys who were referred to Child and Youth Services (CYS) but whose referrals were not substantiated as maltreatment (note 3). Between ages 12 and 25, 26 boys died (note 4). These boys were included in the descriptive statistics for childhood maltreatment from birth through age 11, which is based on 189 maltreated cases. For the consequences of childhood maltreatment analyses, the boys who eventually died by age 25 were eliminated leaving a final sample of 849 boys (180 victims vs. 669 non-victims).
