We have shown that gene expression in the PAG is strongly affected by binge drinking in adolescent rats, including alterations in the composition of NMDA, AMPA and GABAA receptors. Many serotonin, glycine and acetylcholine receptors had decreased expression after adolescent binge drinking, as did many neuropeptides and their receptors including the opioid systems and receptors that are linked to anxiety and panic behavior. Taken together, these changes in the development of these transmitter systems suggest increased susceptibility to stress and anxiety, which could increase relapse drinking to relieve these symptoms (the “dark side” of addiction – Koob, 2013). Genes for cholesterol production had reduced expression, as were genes involved with myelination, which could have lasting effects on the connectivity between brain regions. The overall pattern of altered gene expression suggests marked behavioral changes would occur if these alterations in gene expression persisted into adulthood.
