by cytokine signaling and the Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK-STAT) pathway. Expression of interferon receptor 2 (IFNAR2) was down-regulated in HD subjects compared to MD subjects which could contribute to deficits in both innate and adaptive immunity (Beech, Qu et al. 2012). IL-15, a cytokine critical for promoting survival, proliferation, and activation of NK and CD8 T cells, was found to be up-regulated in AD subjects but there was no difference between HD and MD subjects (Beech, Qu et al. 2012). Expression of the receptor for IL-21, which has been reported in autoimmune diseases, was found to be up-regulated in AD subjects (Beech, Qu et al. 2012).
