Due to the cross-sectional nature of the study, both unadjusted and adjusted ORs are used as measures of association without implying any causal association. We focus most of our analyses on outcomes that are most easily observable by the clinician, that is, unadjusted ORs. We focus on adjusted ORs in the case of comorbidity to be able to fully account for the effect of gender by disorder interactions. We also focus on adjusted ORs when examining treatment- utilization behaviors, to account for sociodemographic variables (e.g., insurance) that may influence access to care. We consider 2 percentages to be different if the 95% confidence interval of their ORs does not include 1.0. All standard errors and 95% confidence intervals were estimated using SUDAAN version 9.0 software (RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC) to adjust for the design characteristics of the NESARC. Women (and individuals without AD, when modeling interactions) were considered the reference group for all analyses.
