115 UK celiac disease individuals were recruited from Barts and the London NHS Trust and the Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals NHS Trust after informed consent and with ethical approval. Individuals all had a small bowel endoscopic biopsy diagnosis of celiac disease, median age of 51 (23–88), a median age at diagnosis of 42 (1–75), a male to female sex ratio of 1:3, and a median length of treatment on a gluten free diet of 9.4 years (1–47). Celiac individuals responding to a gluten free diet typically show no detectable inflammation (which we confirmed at the mRNA level in peripheral blood). We also enrolled 22 healthy unrelated UK controls, with a male to female sex ratio of 1:1.2, but of unknown age.
