New cases of SUD were significantly associated with stress and gender (see Table 3). Having two or more stressful life events was associated with greater odds of new AUD, TUD, CUD, and OUD compared to zero or one stressful life event. Females were less likely to have a new AUD, TUD, and CUD compared to males. New AUD demonstrated a significant stress by gender two-way interaction. Males with two or more stressful life events vs. zero or one event had increased odds of new AUD (OR = 2.51, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.16, 2.93), while females with two or more stressful life events compared to zero or one event had the greatest odds of new AUD (OR = 3.94, 95% CI = 3.41, 4.54). Table 3.Associations of two or more stressful life events and gender with transitions in new vs. absent DSM-5 SUD diagnoses.Main effectsTwo-way interactionStress (2+ events vs. 0 or 1 event)Gender (female vs. male)Stress by genderOR (95% CI)Wald χ2OR (95% CI)Wald χ2Wald χ2Alcohol use disorder3.14 (2.82, 3.50)430.7a0.47 (0.42, 0.53)170.28a19.03a,b bMales (2+ vs. 0 or 1 event): OR
